Methods and apparatus to improve usage crediting in mobile devices

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed to identify a first request, from a first device, the first request having a first source port number. Examples disclosed herein determine whether a second request, having a second source port number, is within a threshold number of ports from the first source port number. Examples disclosed herein group the first and the second requests as a first session when the second source port number is within the threshold number of ports from the first source port number, and identify an application associated with the first session when a user agent of the first request matches a first application pattern associated with the first application, the first application pattern including a wildcard in a location corresponding to a numerical value in the user agent.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/700,883, filed Sep. 11, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,257,297, whichis a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/529,784, filedOct. 31, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,762,688. U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/700,883 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/529,784 arehereby incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to media monitoring, and, moreparticularly, to improving usage crediting in mobile devices.

BACKGROUND

In recent years, mobile devices have become ubiquitous to daily life forquickly accessing Internet based media. For example, it is becomingincreasingly rare to come across someone not using a mobile device toaccess media on demand. Recently, such devices have become capable ofutilizing applications not designed solely for browsing the Internet toaccess Internet based media.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example system constructed in accordancewith the teachings of this disclosure to improve usage crediting inmobile devices.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example HTTP request flowingthrough the example system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an example illustration of a proxy log from the proxy serverof FIG. 1.

FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F are example charts of HTTP requests andsessioning performed by the example creditor of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5A is an example illustration of session classification performedby the example creditor of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5B is an example illustration of classification of sessionsperformed by the example creditor of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example creditor ofFIG. 1 to form a session from the records in the proxy log.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example creditor ofFIG. 1 to associate sessions to applications.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example processor system that mayexecute any of the machine readable instructions represented by FIGS. 6and 7 to implement the example creditor of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Monitoring companies desire to gain knowledge on how users interact withmobile devices such as, for example, a smartphones. For example,monitoring companies want to monitor Internet traffic to and/or from themobile devices to, among other things, monitor exposure toadvertisements, determine advertisement effectiveness, determine userbehavior, identify purchasing behavior associated with variousdemographics, credit application usage, etc. Examples disclosed hereinfacilitate such monitoring at a proxy server.

Examples disclosed herein identify applications with which hypertexttransfer protocol (HTTP) messages received at a proxy server areassociated. In examples disclosed herein, requests associated withbrowser and/or media presentation application traffic (e.g., HTTPrequests) received at a proxy server are grouped into sessions based onthe port numbers of these requests. In further examples disclosedherein, the sessions are classified as associated with a specificapplication using user agent data contained in the requests.

In examples disclosed herein, HTTP requests routed through a proxyserver are processed to extract data and/or metadata associated with thetransmission of the HTTP request. Accordingly, data and/or metadata fromeach HTTP request are recorded into a proxy log and are associated witha user corresponding to the destination port number. Such extracted dataand/or metadata may be, for example, a source port, a destination port,a Universal Resource Locator (URL), a user agent, a media type, atimestamp, etc. The proxy log may be subsequently used to credit theusage of the applications executing on the device.

When a mobile device makes a request for media, the mobile device sendsa request using an HTTP protocol. Each HTTP request (and correspondingresponse) that originates at the device is associated with two ports:the source port (e.g., a port on the mobile device) and destination porta port on the proxy server). The ports are numbers (typically from 0 to65535) contained in the header of the packet (e.g., Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), etc.) containing therequest used to further route traffic beyond the Internet protocol (IP)address. The port number is used in conjunction with an InternetProtocol IP) address to identify, route, and receive data on a deviceconnected to a packet switched network (e.g., the Internet). Certainports are not available for use if those ports are associated with otherInternet services. For example, ports 0 through 1023 are defined as WellKnown Ports by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and areprohibited from use without IANA registration.

In some examples, an assigned port for communication may be an ephemeralport that is allocated and valid for use only for the duration of acommunication session for which it is utilized. When the communicationsession is completed and/or terminated, the ephemeral port is free to bereused at the discretion of the device (e.g., a mobile device and/or aserver). Source and/or Destination ports may be ephemeral.

For example, data to be forwarded to a particular application on adevice will be transmitted to the IP address of the device (e.g.,19.168.1.2) and will include a port number. For example, the deviceforwarding the data assigns the port number in a predefined rangedesignated for application specific communication. After the data isreceived at the designated IP address, the data is further routed at thedevice to an application (and/or application process) associated withthe data using the specified port number. In some examples, anapplication executing on a device use process-specific ports to properlyand efficiently make use of network connectivity. As further requestsare generated and fulfilled, the existing ports may “close” (e.g., ceaseto be used) and subsequent ports having higher or lower numbers willopen (e.g., a new number will be used). Additionally or alternatively,some closed ports may be reused for other processes to conserve portnumbers.

An HTTP request may include a user agent field. A user agent field in anHTTP request may contain information about an application generating therequest (e.g., Firefox™, Twitter™, etc.), an operating system version ofthe device the request originated from (e.g., iOS™ 7), a hardwareversion of the device transmitting a request (e.g., iPhone 5S), arendering platform used by the application (e.g., WebKit, Gecko, etc.),and/or abilities of the versions of the application generating therequest (e.g., LiveMeeting, etc.).

Example user agent data originating from the mobile Twitter™ applicationmay be populated according to the following: “Twitter-iPhone/3.5.1iOS/6.0.” The portion, “Twitter-iPhone/3.5.1” designates that theapplication making the HTTP request is version 3.5.1 of the Twitter™iPhone application. The portion, “iOS/6.0” indicates that the operatingsystem of the device making the HTTP request is iOS™ version 6.0.

In examples disclosed herein, a device monitored using a proxy servertransmits requests using a destination port number that identifies thedevice sending the traffic and, in extension, the actual user with thatdevice. For example, when configuring the device for monitoring, aunique destination port number is assigned to each panelist fortransmitting requests to the proxy server provided by a monitoringcompany (e.g., The Nielsen Company (US), LLC.). In such an example, thedestination port/panelist association is stored at the proxy device. Inother examples the destination port/panelist association is stored at amonitoring company. All traffic routed through the proxy server for aparticular user will be identifiable by (and associated with) thedestination port number. Example systems, methods, and apparatus forconfiguring a mobile device to interact with a proxy are disclosed inU.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/856,651, 12/856,643, 13/174,517,each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Additionally, an HTTP request transmitted from a mobile device contain asource port number associated with an applications and/or applicationprocess that is making the request. The source port numbers may beassigned by the device or they may be requested by, or registered to,the application making the HTTP request. For example, when anapplication launches (or becomes active after a period of suspension) ona mobile device, an initial block of HTTP requests within a range ofport numbers (e.g., a range comprising ten ports, a range comprisingfifty ports, etc.) are transmitted to a server. Typically, this range ofports is sufficient for all activity associated with the applicationuntil closing or being suspended. In some examples, the HTTP requestsare all associated with the application. In other examples, the HTTPrequests are associated with the application and processes associatedwith the application. For example, other applications or processesintegrated with other applications (e.g., the ability to use the emailapplication of the mobile device, advertisement retrieval, etc.) maygenerate HTTP requests within this range.

As an application executes, additional HTTP requests outside of theinitial block of requests may be sent based on user interaction with theapplication (e.g., un-common processes, extended usage, advertisementretrieval, etc.). For example, if each of the ports in the initial rangeis in use, or not released for subsequent use, an application maygenerate a new HTTP request on a port outside the initial block ofrequests (e.g., the initial range of ports). To this end, the initialblock of requests changes to a current block of requests. That is, asrequests outside the initial block are generated, the initial block ofrequest becomes a current range including a highest port number and alowest port number. Each HTTP request made by the application (orprocesses associated with the application, such as advertisementretrieval, for example) outside of the initial range is typically withinfifteen ports of the highest and/or lowest value of the current range.When a new browser and/or media presentation application is launched onthe mobile device, a jump of at least fifteen ports is observed in theassociated traffic at the proxy server. Using this characteristic,traffic associated with a user at a proxy server may be grouped intosessions that represent application-specific traffic by processing thesource port numbers of records in a proxy log.

In examples disclosed herein, when HTTP requests are grouped, a sessionidentification may be associated to the each record in the proxy log.The session identification is a unique alphanumeric identifier added torecords that are determined to belong to the same session. For everyidentified session (e.g., grouping) of HTTP requests in the proxy log, anew session identification is created and associated to thecorresponding requests.

After grouping the HTTP requests into sessions, wildcarded searchstrings of the user agents in the requests are used to identify whatapplication is associated with the corresponding records in the proxylog. That is, the numeric values of the user agents are replaced with acharacter or group of characters that act as wildcard replacements “%D”) in the search string. Alternatively, the URLs of the HTTP requestmay have portions of the URL wildcarded with string-indicative wildcards(e.g., “% S”). This prevents a large number of parallel classifications.For example, a fifth release of a sports application (e.g., “SportsApp/5.0”) executing on the sixth iteration of an operating system (e.g.,“mOS/6.0”) may produce a large number of different user agents throughcombination of all previous iterations (e.g., “SportsApp/x.0 mOS/x.0”).By removing the version numbers, only one user agent would be a validmatch indicating the application (e.g., “SportsApp/% D mOS/% D”).

The individual sessions are classified using the wildcarded user agentsearch string. The HTTP requests in the proxy log are accessed bysession and each session classified. In classification, the records ineach session are compared to dynamic rules which are used to identify towhich application this session belongs. Using logical rules, thesesessions are classified and the usage is attributed to a correspondingapplication.

Some applications utilize protocols other than HTTP such as, forexample, HTTP Secure (HTTPS). Accordingly, while the examples disclosedherein are described with reference to the HTTP protocol, any otherpast, present, and/or future protocol and/or format of communication mayadditionally or alternatively be used such as, for example, HTTP secure(HTTPS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), etc.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example environment in which examplemethods apparatus and/or articles of manufacture disclosed herein may beused for crediting application usage. In the example environment of FIG.1, data is transmitted from a media provider 105 to an exampleapplication 106 executing on example mobile device 110. The transmissionof data in the illustrated example FIG. 1 is performed through anexample proxy server 120 capable of storing data in an example datastore 123. The example environment includes the example mobile device110, the proxy server 120, the media provider 105, and an examplecreditor 135. In the example of FIG. 1, an audience measurement entity130, such as The Nielsen Company (US), LLC, operates an example creditor135 to credit application usage.

In the illustrated example, the mobile device 110 is associated with apanelist who has agreed to be monitored by the audience measuremententity 130. Panelists are users registered on panels maintained by aratings entity the audience measurement entity 130) that owns and/oroperates the creditor 135. Traditionally, audience measurement entities(also referred to herein as “ratings entities”) determine demographicreach for advertising and media programming based on registered panelmembers. That is, an audience measurement entity 130 enrolls people thatconsent to being monitored into a panel. During enrollment, the audiencemeasurement entity 130 receives demographic information from theenrolling people so that subsequent correlations may be made betweenadvertisement/media exposure to those panelists and differentdemographic markets.

People become panelists via, for example, a user interface presented onthe mobile device 110. People become panelists in additional oralternative manners such as, for example, via a telephone interview, bycompleting an online survey, etc. Additionally or alternatively, peoplemay be contacted and/or enlisted using any desired methodology (e.g.,random selection, statistical selection, phone solicitations, Internetadvertisements, surveys, advertisements in shopping malls, productpackaging, etc.).

In the panelist system of the illustrated example of FIG. 1, consent isobtained from the user to monitor and/or analyze network data when theuser joins and/or registers for the panel. For example, the panelist mayagree to have their Internet traffic of the mobile device monitored bythe proxy server 120. Although the example system of FIG. 1 is apanelist-based system, non-panelist and/or hybrid panelist systems mayadditionally and/or alternatively be employed. The example mobile device110 communicates with the example media provider 105 via the proxyserver 120 using the network 115.

The example network 115 may be any type of communications network,(e.g., the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, acellular data network, etc.) facilitated by a wired and/or wirelessconnection (e.g., a cable/DSL/satellite modem, a cell tower, etc.). Theexample network may be a local area network, a wide area network, or anycombination of networks.

Upon enrollment, the panelist and/or mobile device (e.g., the mobiledevice 110) are assigned configuration information 112 including aunique destination port number to route Internet traffic through at anInternet Protocol (IP) address of the proxy server 120, for example.Using the mobile device 115 according to the configuration information112 allows the Internet traffic to be attributed to the panelist and/orthe mobile device 110.

In the illustrated example, the example mobile device 110 generates HTTPrequests to transmit to the media provider 105 to obtain data. The HTTPrequests are routed, based on the configuration information 112, throughthe example proxy server 120 at the unique destination port. The exampleproxy server 120 extracts (or replicates) data and/or metadata from theHTTP request and stores the request in a record of a proxy log 122associated with the unique destination port number. For example, theexample proxy server 120 extracts a timestamp of the request, a sourceport, a destination port, a user agent, and URL from the HTTP request.

When the data and/or metadata has been extracted, the example proxyserver 120 routes the HTTP request to the example media provider 105which acknowledges the request and returns the data to the examplemobile device 110 through the example proxy server 120. The proxy log122 is transmitted to the audience measurement entity 130 by the exampleproxy server 120. In some examples the proxy log 122 is transmitted in aperiodic fashion (e.g., hourly, daily, weekly, etc.), in other examples,the proxy log 122 is transmitted in an a periodic fashion (e.g., onrequest, when certain conditions are met, etc.).

In the illustrated example, the HTTP requests are transmitted using theTransmission Control Protocol and/or the User Datagram Protocol.However, any past, present, and/or future protocol may be utilized inthe illustrated environment 100 providing that such protocols transmitport information and user agent data.

The example mobile device 110 of FIG. 1 is a handheld mobile device.While in the illustrated example the mobile device 110 is shown as acellular phone, any other type of device may be used. For example, othertypes of phones (e.g., an Apple® iPhone®), a laptop computer, a desktopcomputer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a netbook, or a tabletcomputer (e.g., an Apple® iPad®) may additionally or alternatively beused. The mobile device 110 may be implemented with any mobile operatingsystem, and may be implemented with any type of hardware and/or formfactor. In the illustrated example, the mobile device 110 communicatesvia a wireless interface. However, any other type(s) of communicationinterface may additionally or alternatively be used such as, forexample, an Ethernet connection, a Bluetooth connection, a Wi-Ficonnection, a cellular connection (e.g., a Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA) connection, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) connection,Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) connection, LongTerm Evolution (LTE) connection, etc.).

The example proxy server 120 of the illustrated example is a networkdevice located in a separate location from a monitored household thatacts as an intermediary for communications (e.g., HTTP requests andresponses) involving the example mobile device 110. Alternatively, theexample proxy server 120 may be located in the monitored household. Forexample, the example proxy server 120 may be a router, a gateway, aserver, and/or any device capable of acting as a network trafficintermediary. For example, a broadband modem and/or router may implementthe proxy server 120. According to the illustrated example, the proxyserver 120 is an intermediary for communications between the examplemobile device 110 and the example media provider 105.

The example proxy server 120 is involved in communications associatedwith the example mobile device 110 and therefore, the example proxyserver 120 is capable of gathering information about thosecommunications. The proxy server 120 may not perform functions typicallyassociated with a proxy (e.g., performing packet translation). Rather,the functions of the proxy server 105 described in examples herein, maybe performed by any type of device to collect information aboutcommunications between the example mobile device 110 and the examplemedia provider 105 the example proxy server 120 may not participate inthe communication chain and, instead, may monitor the communicationsfrom the sidelines using, for example, packet mirroring, packetsnooping, or any other technique).

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the proxy server 120 receivesrequests from the mobile device 110. The requests of the mobile device110 are received by the proxy server 120 based on configurationinformation 112 (e.g., the proxy server address, the unique destinationport number, a usemame, a password, etc.) provided to the panelistand/or mobile device 110. The configuration information 112 causes themobile device 110 to transmit all subsequent requests through the proxyserver 120.

The proxy server 120 retrieves the requested data from the mediaprovider 105 (or from a local cache if, for example, the media haspreviously been requested and stored). As disclosed above, to identifythe panelist associated with the request, communication to and from eachspecific panelist occurs over the uniquely assigned (e.g., dedicated)port. Thus, each panelist is assigned a unique port and no otherpanelist communicates via that port. In some examples multiple proxyservers are used to expand the number of panelists and/or devicessupported by the monitoring system. In such examples the proxy serveraddress and port number combination is uniquely assigned to thepanelists and/or devices. In some examples, each panelist/device pair isassigned a unique port number to facilitate differentiation betweenusage of a first device (e.g., a phone) by a panelist and usage of asecond device (e.g., an iPad) by the same panelist.

While the communication between a mobile device 110 and the proxy server120 occurs over a single port, communication between the proxy server120 and the media providers 105 may be implemented over any port. Afterretrieving the requested data from the media provider 105, in theillustrated example the data is relayed to the requesting mobile device110 via the port assigned to the mobile device.

In the example FIG. 1, the proxy log 122 is transmitted from the exampleproxy server 120 to the example creditor 135 of the example audiencemeasurement entity 130. At the example creditor 135, the proxy log 122is processed to generate groupings (e.g., sessions) of the records basedon the originating port numbers of the requests. The records in eachsession are compared to example model user agents. If a session isdetermined by the example creditor 135 as indicative of a certainapplication, the session is classified as belonging to the certainapplication. Accordingly, the session usage is credited to the certainapplication. If the session is unable to be classified by the examplecreditor 135 (e.g., not determined to match a model user agent), thesession is stored so that classification may be attempted at a latertime (e.g., when more example user agents have been gathered by theexample creditor 135 and/or provided to the system).

The example creditor 135 of FIG. 1 is provided with an example sessionclassifier 140, an example request filter 145, an example applicationidentifier 150, an example data store 155, and an example reporter 160.

The example session classifier 140 of FIG. 1 obtains the proxy log 122from the example proxy server 120. The example session classifier 140groups the records of the proxy log 122 into sessions using the sourceport identified in the record of the proxy log 122 as illustrated ingreater detail in FIGS. 4A-4F. In some examples, the example sessionclassifier 140 adds (e.g., appends, prepends, inserts, etc.) a sessionidentifier to the user agent of the request. The session identifier maybe an alphanumeric string, a hexadecimal value, or any otherrepresentative value. In the example FIG. 1, the example sessionclassifier 140 is in communication with the request filter 145.

The example request filter 145 accesses the sessioned proxy log 122 fromthe example session classifier 140 to generate search strings having thenumerical values from user agent data filtered out via wildcarding. Thatis, by generating user agent search strings deficient of, for example,version values, the example request filter 145 generates user agentsearch strings capable of identifying application traffic irrespectiveof application version. For example, the example request filter 145replaces the numerical values occurring after forward slashes in theuser agent with wildcarded characters. As disclosed earlier, user agentdata contains indentifying information regarding the application (andapplication version) generating the HTTP request. Because applicationsare not uniformly updated across all devices, many different versionsmay be used on an according amount of devices. Accordingly, wildcards(e.g., “% D”) are used when filtering the user agents to enable accurateidentification of the originating application regardless of the versionof the application. This has the effect of condensing several possiblesession identifications of different versions of the same applicationinto a uniform session identification for the application regardless ofversion. In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the example requestfilter 145 generates a search string, which is a wildcarded user agent,by obtaining the user agent and replacing the numeric values in the useragent string with “% D”. Of course any such replacement character orgroup of characters may be implemented to act as the wildcardedcharacter.

The example application identifier 150 of the illustrated exampleclassifies the sessions identified by the example session classifier 140using the filtered records of the session provided by the request filter145. In the illustrated example, Boolean logic (e.g., AND, OR, etc.)associated with application model user agents (e.g., an expectedwildcarded user agent associated with a corresponding application) isapplied to each of the records in the session. For example, theapplication identifier 150 accesses each identified session and analyzesthe records in the identified session against logical expressionsindicative of originating applications stored in the example data store155 until a match is found. For example, URL patterns are used toidentify the originating application.

In some examples, user agents employed by certain applications aregeneric and, therefore, do not point to a specific application makingthe requests in the session. For example, the user agent utilized by astreaming media application may use a generic browser user agent. Inthese particular examples, when a user agent is not indicative of anapplication, the URLs of the HTTP requests in the session are analyzedby the application identifier 150 in the same way as the user agents areanalyzed above.

In the illustrated example, the example reporter 160 reports theidentified sessions to the data store 155 and/or an external actor atthe audience measurement entity 130. The example reporter 160 alsocredits the application identified by the example application identifier150 with a usage duration of the session. For example, the identifiedapplication is credited for exposure to the panelist associated with thedestination port. If a session is unable to be classified, the examplereporter 160 tags the session for a later attempt at classification bythe application session identifier 150. In some examples, the examplereporter 160 presents a group of unclassified sessions having matchingapplication model user agents and/or URLs for external classification.In other examples, the group of unclassified sessions may bepreliminarily classified by the example application session identifier150 and reported externally by the example reporter 160 for approval.

In some examples, the example reporter 160 extracts the unidentifiedsession records into a discrete file that is placed in an auxiliaryclassification queue. In some such examples, the auxiliaryclassification queue may be accessed at a later time when additionalapplication model user agents and/or URLs have been added to the datastore 155 for use in classification.

While an example manner of implementing the example creditor 135 of FIG.1 is illustrated in FIG. 1, one or more of the elements, processesand/or devices illustrated in FIG. 1 may be combined, divided,re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way.Further, the example session classifier 140, the example request filer145, the example application identifier 150, the example data store 155,the example reporter 160 and/or, more generally, the example creditor135 of FIG. 1 may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/orany combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, forexample, any of the example session classifier 140, the example requestfiler 145, the example application identifier 150, the example datastore 155, the example reporter 160 and/or, more generally, the examplecreditor 135 of FIG. 1 could be implemented by one or more analog ordigital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmable processor(s),application specific integrated circuits) (ASIC(s)), programmable logicdevice(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)).When reading any of the apparatus or system claims of this patent tocover a purely software and/or firmware implementation, at least one ofthe example session classifier 140, the example request filer 145, theexample application identifier 150, the example data store 155, theexample reporter 160 and/or, more generally, the example creditor 135 ofFIG. 1 is/are hereby expressly defined to include a tangible computerreadable storage device or storage disk such as a memory, a digitalversatile disk (DVD), a compact disk (CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc. storingthe software and/or firmware. Further still, the example creditor 135 ofFIG. 1 may include one or more elements, processes and/or devices inaddition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIG. 1, and/or mayinclude more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements,processes and devices.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram 201 illustrating an example request andresponse flow through the example system of FIG. 1. The block diagram201 includes the proxy server 120 and the proxy server data store 123,the media provider 105, the mobile device 110, and network 115. Theblock diagram 201 additionally includes a first request 235, a secondrequest 245, a first response 250, and a second response 255. Further,the requests are represented by HTTP request headers. The first request235 is represented by the first HTTP request header 236 and the secondrequest 245 is represented by the second HTTP request header 246.

The first request 235 originates from the example mobile device 110 as arequest for media from a media provider 105 in response to userinteraction with an application on the mobile device 110. The firstrequest 235 is transmitted to the proxy server 120 via the examplenetwork 115. The proxy server 120 communicates with the media provider105 via a second request 245. The second request 245 is sent from theproxy server 120 to the media provider 105 on behalf of the mobiledevice 110. The media provider 105 responds to the second request 245with a message to the proxy server 120 (e.g., response 251). Theresponse 251 is transmitted to the corresponding mobile device 110.

The first HTTP request header 236 is the header of a GET request (e.g.,236G) generated by the mobile device 110. In the illustrated example,the media provider 105 is identified by the absolute URL identified inthe first line of the first HTTP request header 236 and the address ofthe proxy 115 and uniquely assigned port are identified by the “Host”line 236H of the first HTTP request header 236. The first request isidentified as originating from source port 236S 54800 on the mobiledevice 110. The host identified in the illustrated example 236H is proxyMontoringEntity.com, and the destination port 236D that the request wasmade to is 50000. However, any other address identifying the proxyserver 120 and any other port may alternatively be used. For example,the address identifying the proxy 115 may be the Internet Protocol (IP)address of the proxy 115. In the illustrated example, the absolute URLof the Internet resource is “http://www.sportsapp.com/home.html.”However, any other URL may additionally or alternatively be used.

The proxy 115 receives the first media request 235 and generates thesecond media request 245. The second media request 245 is represented bythe second HTTP request header 246. In the illustrated example, thesecond HTTP request header 246 is a GET request directed to host 246H“http://www.sportsapp.com.” The media being requested from host 246H“http://www.sportsapp.com” in the illustrated example is “/home.html,”The proxy server 120 generates the second request by inspecting thefirst request 235. For example, the proxy server 120 identifies therequested media of the first request 235 as“http://www.sportsapp.com/home.html,” determines that the media provider105 identified is “www.sportsapp.com,” and determines that the requestedwebpage from the media provider is “/home.html.”

In some examples, the media identified by a first media request 235 maybe media that is provided on a port other than the default communicationport. (e.g., port 80). For example, the mobile device 110 may seek torequest media that is hosted on port 1234, rather than the default port(e.g., port 80 which is the default standard port for HTTP content). Insuch an example, an absolute URL of a first HTTP request headeridentifies the requested media as “http://www.sportsapp.com:1234/home.html,” to convey that the media identified by the request isprovided on port 1234 (rather than the default port). Further, in suchan example, the proxy server 120 generates a second HTTP request headerthat identifies port 1234 (e.g., www.sportsapp.com: 1234).

The media provider 105 receives the second media request 245, andresponds to the request via the first response 250 that is sent to theproxy server 120. The proxy server 120 receives the first response 250,and determines the correct port over which the second response 255should be transmitted to reach the mobile device 110. The proxy server120 can identify that the first request 235 was received on port 50000,and thus, the second response 255 should be transmitted on port 50000.However, any other method of determining the port to transmit the secondresponse over may additionally or alternatively be used. Further, theresponse may be transmitted over a port other than the port assigned tothe mobile device 110.

FIG. 3 is an example proxy log 122 table illustrating HTTP requestsrecorded at the example proxy server 120. The example proxy log 122includes a device identifier column 310, a source port column 315, adestination port column 320, a timestamp column 330, and an HTTP requestcolumn 340. The ellipses (“ . . . ”) at the bottom of FIG. 3 indicatethat the table contains a truncated version of the table for purposes ofillustration. Moreover, in the illustrated example of FIG. 3, theexample proxy log 122 includes data associated with a single device anda single panelist (e.g., the panelist is represented by the destinationport on the proxy server as explained above). However, in practice, theproxy log 122 generated by the proxy server 120 will include dataassociated with any number of different devices and/or number ofpanelists. Further, the example proxy log 122 illustrates an exampletime period of approximately twenty-eight minutes. However, in practice,the proxy log 122 generated by the example proxy server 120 will includedata associated with a longer time frame such as, for example, a hour, aday, a week, month, etc.

The example proxy log 122 of FIG. 3 includes a first row 350, a secondrow 360, a third row 370, a fourth row 380 a fifth row 390, and a sixthrow 395, each of which is associated with a request made to the proxyserver 120 by an example mobile device 110. The first example row 350 ofthe illustrated example of FIG. 3 includes a record that identifies thatcPhone 5x associated with the destination port 50000 transmitted an HTTPrequest at 6:00:00 PM. The first and second example rows 350 and 360include user agents 342, 343 identifying that the requests wereassociated with a SportsApp application. The example HTTP request of theexample third row 370 includes a user agent 344 identifying that therequest was associated with an embedded advertisement application (e.g.,EmbAd). The example HTTP request of fourth example row 380 is associatedwith a Twitter™ application. The fifth example row 390 of theillustrated example of FIG. 3 includes a record that indicates that thecPhone 5x associated with the same port number 50000 transmitted an HTTPrequest associated with the embedded advertisement application at6:17:42 PM. The sixth example row 395 includes a record that indicatesanother HTTP request associated with the Twitter™ application at 6:27pm.

FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate a graphical depiction of the requests shown inthe example proxy log 122 of FIG. 3. FIGS. 4A-4F also illustrate avisual representation of session identification as performed by theexample creditor 135.

Turning to FIG. 4A, the example session classifier 140 of FIG. 1accesses the first record 350 in the example proxy log 122. The firstrecord 350 originated from port 54806 on the example mobile device 110.The first record 350 is then assigned a new session identifier, “SessionA.” Accordingly, the identifier “Session A” is associated with therecord 350 by the example session classifier 140.

In FIG. 4B, the example session classifier 140 generates session windows450L and 450H around the first record 350. The session windows 450L and450H are windows generated to identify if a new record in the proxy log122 belongs to the same usage session as a previous record. The boundsof the lower session window 450L in the illustrated example are from (1)fifteen ports below example port 54806 to (2) port 54806. The bounds ofthe upper session window 450H in the illustrated example are from (1)port 54806 to (2) fifteen ports above example port 54806. In theillustrated example, the HTTP requests outside the session windows 450L,450H are determined to originate from new applications.

The session windows 450L, 450H are applied to the lowest and highestobserved port numbers in a session. The session windows are placed onthe boundary port numbers in a session in the event that a new portutilized in the usage session expands beyond the currently observedrange of port numbers. In the illustrated examples of FIGS. 4B-4F, theport windows are fifteen ports “wide.” Any HTTP request having a sourceport number between the boundary port numbers is considered to be partof the usage session. Accordingly, any HTTP request having a source portnumber within the session windows is also considered to be a part of theusage session. While the session windows 450L, 450H are illustrated inthe example as having a width of 15 ports, the width of the sessionwindows 450L, 450H are configurable to any desired width.

For example, an application may be used for ten minutes on a mobiledevice by a user, which utilizes one source port 1000. The user suspendsthe application (e.g., returns to the home screen of a device). When theuser returns to the application to resume usage, a new session isstarted, and, accordingly, a new port is utilized which is at leastfifteen ports away (e.g., greater or less than) from port 1000.

Returning to FIG. 4B, the example session classifier 140 accesses thesecond record 360 in the example proxy log 122 of FIG. 3. The examplesession classifier 140 determines that the second record 360 is withinthe session window 450H and, therefore, is also associated with theusage session, Session A. The example session classifier 140 associatesthe identifier “Session A” to the second record 360.

Turning to FIG. 4C, the example session classifier 140, as explainedabove, moves the session windows 450H and 450L to the highest and lowestobserved port number records, the second record 360 and the first record350. The example session classifier 140 accesses the third record 370.The example session classifier 140 determines that the third record 370is within the lower session window 450L. Accordingly, the determinationindicates that the third record 370 is also associated with “Session A.”The example session classifier 140 associates the identifier “Session A”to the third record 370.

In FIG. 4D, the example session classifier 140 moves the session windowsto the new boundary port records. The lower window 450L is associatedwith the third record 370 and the upper window 450H is associated withthe second record 360. The example session identifier accesses thefourth record 380 and determines that the fourth record is beyond boththe lower session window 450L and the upper session window 450H. Inresponse to the fourth record 380 being beyond both of the sessionwindows, the example session classifier 140 creates a new sessionidentifier, “Session B.” The “Session B” identifier is associated to thefourth record 380.

Turning to FIG. 4E, the example session classifier 140 creates new upperand lower session windows 451H and 451L. The example session classifier140 accesses the fifth record 390 and determines it to be within thesession window 451H, as a result, the fifth record 390 is determined tobelong to “Session B” and is associated with a corresponding identifier.

In some examples, at least one of the session windows may overlap with apreviously sessioned HTTP request record. For example, if lower sessionwindow 451L overlapped previously sessioned record 360. In theseinstances, a previously sessioned HTTP request record is not associatedto the new session.

Moving to FIG. 4F, the example session classifier 140 institutes thesession windows to the new upper and lower boundary of “Session B.” Thelower window 451L is associated with the fourth record 380 and the upperwindow 451H is associated with the fifth record 390. The example sessionclassifier 140 accesses the sixth record 395 and determines that thesource port of the sixth record 395 is between the source port of thefourth record 380 and the source port of the fifth record 390.Accordingly, the sixth record 395 is determined as belonging to SessionB and has an identifier associated accordingly (e.g., added and/orwatermarked into the session).

When a session has been identified, the example records belonging to thesession are associated with a session identifier. In some examples, thesession identifier is added to the records in an alternate field, orwatermarked into the record. In other examples, the records for anidentified session are extracted from the example proxy log 122 andstored as an individual collection. In some other examples, the sessionidentifier is added to the user agents in the records of the exampleproxy log 122.

FIG. 5A is an example block diagram of classification of a sessionidentified by the example session classifier 140. In the illustratedexample, the example application identifier 150 obtains the user agentsearch strings associated with “Session A” 505 generated by the examplerequest filter 145. The example application identifier 150 also obtainsapplication patterns that contain model user agents and URLs associatedwith application network usage. In the illustrated example, the modeluser agents 510 which are obtained from the example data store 155 aredepicted. The search strings 542, 543, 544 from “Session A” are checkedagainst the retrieved model user agents 510 by the example applicationidentifier 150. In the illustrated example of FIG. 5A, each searchstring 542, 543, 544 is identified as matching or not matching a modeluser agent from an application pattern. The application associated withthe pattern generating the highest score is identified as theapplication associated with the session and associated to the session515.

In the illustrated example, the model user agents 510 are retrieved fromthe example data store 155. The example model user agents 510 are forSports App, Pinboard, and Photogrant. Each of the example model useragents 510 are compared against the Session A search strings 542, 543,544. In one example, when a user agent from the session 505 generates aTRUE value from any of the Boolean logic values, the session is thenclassified by the example application identifier 150 as being associatedwith the execution of the corresponding application. For example, in theillustrated example of FIG. 5A, the first Sports App user agent 542would generate a TRUE value when checked against the first user agent inthe SportsApp model user agents. Accordingly, Session A 505 isclassified as being usage of SportsApp 515.

In some other examples, a matching search string generates a score(e.g., a count of the number of match points) representative of theoverall degree of match between the session a search strings and themodel user agent. For example, a match to a model user agent generatesone point for a match. The two matches between Session A search strings542, 543 and the Sports App model user agents generates two points,where the Pinboard model user agents and the Photogram model user agentsgenerate no points. Based on the score, the example applicationidentifier 150 classified Session A as being usage associated withSports App because the Sports App model user agents generated a higherscore (e.g., more match points) than any other application model useragents. The identified application (e.g., Sports App) is associated tothe Session A records 515.

In some examples, substrings of the user agent data (e.g., SportsApp,mOS, ARNet, etc.) are used to create additional match points for thescore. For example, each substring match generates further points. Thus,when using substrings in the illustrated example, matching a user agentwould generate three points for a match. In other examples, eachindividual substring may be weighted (e.g., given more deference in theform of matching points) when a particular substring is more indicativeof an application (e.g., the SportsApp substring).

In some other examples, negative Boolean logic may be implemented toprovide another level of differentiation between multiple versions of anapplication. For example, some metered applications have both a “free”and a “paid” version. Typically, in such examples, the user agent of thefree version may provide insight to the version (e.g.,“SportsApp-Free”). To provide a proper classification between theversions, an override rule (e.g., a “NOT” Boolean logic rule) isimplemented in the model user agents. For example, the model user agentsof the paid version of SportsApp may contain a rule specifying “NOT<SportsApp-Free/% D . . . ” In such an xample, if the free versionsearch string is generates a match during classification, the exampleapplication identifier 150 determines that this version cannot be thepaid version and begins using other model user agents to classify thesession.

In yet other examples, an application may not be classified in a sessionunless it meets a certain number of user agent matches in a session. Forexample, a rule in the model user agents may indicate that unless a useragent in a session (e.g., Session A 505) appears a threshold number oftimes (e.g., three times), the session is not indicative of usage of theassociated application. While the rule is not depicted in example FIG.5, if it were to be implemented using a threshold of three appearances,Session A 505 would not be classified as indicative of SportsApp usage.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the same system may beused with URLs instead of user agents when the user agent is notindicative of a specific application as illustrated in example FIG. 5B.For example, some applications use common components (e.g., Web Kit) toobtain certain HTTP requests. In such an example, the user agentscontained in the session might all be indicative of the commoncomponents of the mobile device 110.

FIG. 5B is an example block diagram of classification of a sessionidentified by the example session classifier 140. In the illustratedexample, the example application identifier 150 obtains the searchstrings of URLs of “Session A” 525 generated by the example requestfilter 145. The example application identifier 150 also obtainsapplication patterns that contain model user agents and URLs associatedwith typical HTTP requests resulting from application execution. In theillustrated example, the model URLs 530 are depicted that are obtainedfrom the example data store 155. The search strings of URLs from“Session A” are checked against the retrieved model URLs 530 by theexample application identifier 150. In the illustrated example of FIG.5B, each search string is identified as matching or not matching thecurrent rule of an application pattern. The application associated withthe pattern generating the highest score is identified as theapplication associated with the session and associated to the session525.

In the illustrated example, the model URLs 530 are retrieved from theexample data store 155. The example model URLs 530 are for Sports App,Pinboard, and Photogram. Each of the example model URLs 530 are checkedagainst the Session A search strings 525. When a URL from the session525 generates a TRUE value from any of the Boolean logic values, thesession is then classified by the example application identifier 150 asbeing associated with the execution of the corresponding application.For example, in the illustrated example of FIG. 5B, the first Sports AppURL would generate a TRUE value when checked against the first URL inthe Sports App model URLs. Accordingly, Session A 525 is classified asbeing usage of Sports App 535.

In some other examples, a matching URL generates a point for a match toa model URL. The two matches between Session A search strings 525 andthe Sports App model URLs generate a score of two points, where thePinboard model URLs and the Photogram model URLs generate a score of nopoints. Based on the score, the example application identifier 150classified Session A as being usage associated with Sports App becausethe Sports App model URLs generated more a higher score than any otherapplication. The identified application is then associated to theSession A records 535.

Flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions forimplementing the example creditor 135 of FIG. 1 are shown in FIGS. 6 and7. In these examples, the machine readable instructions comprise aprogram for execution by a processor such as the processor 1012 shown inthe example processor platform 1000 discussed below in connection withFIGS. 6 and 7. The program may be embodied in software stored on atangible computer readable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppydisk, a hard drive, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a Blu-ray disk, or amemory associated with the processor 1012, but the entire program and/orparts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than theprocessor 1012 and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware.Further, although the example program is described with reference to theflowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, many other methods ofimplementing the example creditor 135 may alternatively be used. Forexample, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/orsome of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.

As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 6 and 7 may beimplemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machinereadable instructions) stored on a tangible computer readable storagemedium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory(ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, arandom-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage device or storagedisk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extendedtime periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarilybuffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, theterm tangible computer readable storage medium is expressly defined toinclude any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage diskand to exclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media. Asused herein, “tangible computer readable storage medium” and “tangiblemachine readable storage medium” are used interchangeably. Additionallyor alternatively, the example processes of FIGS. 6 and 7 may beimplemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machinereadable instructions stored) on a non-transitory computer and/ormachine readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, aread-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, arandom-access memory and/or any other storage device or storage disk inwhich information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended timeperiods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering,and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the termnon-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined to includeany type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and toexclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media. As usedherein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in apreamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term“comprising” is open ended.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example creditor 135of FIG. 1. The example program 600 may be initiated, for example, whenthe example proxy log 122 is accessed, received, and/or obtained at theexample creditor 135 from the example proxy server 120.

Initially, the example session classifier 140 accesses a record from theproxy log 122 (block 605). The example session classifier 140 thenprovisions a new session identifier to associate with the accessedrecord and associates the identifier to the accessed record (block 610).The accessed record is associated with the new session ID by the examplesession classifier 140 (block 612). The example session classifier 140accesses the next record in the proxy log 122 (block 615). Adetermination is made by the example session classifier 140 of whetherthe record accessed (e.g., at block 615) is within the port range and/orwithin the session windows 450L and 450H (block 620).

If the determination made by the example session identifier 140 is thatthe record is not within the port range and/or the session windows, theexample session classifier 140 generates a new session identificationand associates it to the record (e.g., returns to block 610). However,if the record is determined to be within the port range and/or thesession windows, the example session identifier associates the currentsession identifier to the record effectively adding it to the currentsession (block 625). The example session identifier then determines ifany records remain in the proxy log 122 (block 630). If the examplesession classifier 140 determines that more records remain, the examplesession classifier 140 continues processing the proxy log 122 (e.g.,returns to block 615). If no other records are determined to remain, theexample session classifier 140 sends the sessioned proxy log 122 to theexample request filter 145 for generating wildcarded search strings.After the transmission of the sessioned proxy log 122, the exampleflowchart 600 terminates until such a time that a new proxy log 122arrives at the example creditor 135.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example creditor 135of FIG. 1. The example program 700 may be initiated, for example, whenthe example proxy log 122 has been sessioned by the example sessionclassifier 140 of the example creditor 135 of FIG. 1.

The example program 700 begins when the example application identifier150 receives (or obtains) the wildcarded search strings from the examplerequest filter 145 (block 705). The example application identifier 150accesses the application patterns indicative of application usage (e.g.,the model user agents, URLs, minimum detections, etc.) from the exampledata store 155 (block 710). The example application identifier 150begins applying one of the application patterns to each of the searchstrings of the session record (e.g., the records accessed at block 705).In some examples (e.g., match points), every search string from asession is tested against the application patterns. In other examples,the search strings are evaluated in a session until a TRUE value isdetected.

If the example application identifier 150 determines that the appliedapplication pattern does not match (e.g., does not evaluate as true)(block 720) then the example application identifier 150 determines ifthere are more patterns in the example data store 155 to apply to thesession record (block 725). If no patterns are left to test, the exampleapplication identifier 150 stores the unclassified session the datastore for a later attempt at processing (block 730). If there are morepatterns to test, the example application identifier 150 accesses theadditional patterns from the example data store 155 (block 710).

In some examples, the example application identifier 150 will determineif there are enough patterns tested to make a determination on matchingpoints (block 720). If a threshold number of application patterns haveaccumulated matching points, the application identifier 150 determinesthe application pattern having the most matching points and moves toassociate the session with the corresponding application (block 735). Ifthe threshold number of application patterns have not accumulatedpoints, the example application identifier 150 will continue testingapplication patterns (block 725).

Returning to block 720, if the example application identifier 150determines that the pattern is valid (e.g., evaluates as true), thesession is classified as usage associated with the matching application(block 735).

Accordingly, the classified session is transmitted to the examplereporter 160 which credits the application with usage from the sessionduration (block 740). In the illustrated example, the earliest timestampof the records in the session is subtracted from the latest timestamp inthe records to determine a total usage time of the session. The exampleapplication identifier 150 then determines if additional sessions in theproxy log 122 (or the example data store 155) exist that need to beclassified (block 745). If there are additional sessions that requireclassification, the sessions are accessed by the example applicationidentifier 150 (e.g., return to block 705) If no additional sessionrequire classification, the example program 700 terminates.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 1000 capableof executing the instructions of FIGS. 6 and 7 to implement the examplecreditor 135 of FIG. 1. The processor platform 800 can be, for example,a server, a personal computer, a mobile device (e.g., a cell phone, asmart phone, a tablet such as an iPad™), a personal digital assistant(PDA), an Internet appliance, a DVD player, a CD player, a digital videorecorder, a Blu-ray player, a gaming console, a personal video recorder,a set top box, or any other type of computing device.

The processor platform 800 of the illustrated example includes aprocessor 812. The processor 1012 of the illustrated example ishardware. For example, the processor 812 can be implemented by one ormore integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors or controllersfrom any desired family or manufacturer. The processor also includes anexample session classifier 140, an example request filter 145, anexample application identifier 150, and an example reporter 160.

The processor 812 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 813(e.g., a cache). The processor 812 of the illustrated example is incommunication with a main memory including a volatile memory 814 and anon-volatile memory 816 via a bus 818. The volatile memory 814 may beimplemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), DynamicRandom Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM)anchor any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatilememory 816 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desiredtype of memory device. Access to the main memory 814, 816 is controlledby a memory controller.

The processor platform 800 of the illustrated example also includes aninterface circuit 820. The interface circuit 820 may be implemented byany type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, auniversal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 822 are connectedto the interface circuit 820, The input device(s) 822 permit(s) a userto enter data and commands into the processor 1012. The input device(s)can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, acamera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, atrack-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system.

One or more output devices 1024 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 1020 of the illustrated example. The output devices 1024 can beimplemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emittingdiode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystaldisplay, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a touchscreen, a tactileoutput device, and/or speakers). The interface circuit 820 of theillustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, agraphics driver chip or a graphics driver processor.

The interface circuit 820 of the illustrated example also includes acommunication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, amodem and/or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data withexternal machines computing devices of any kind) via a network 826(e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), atelephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.).

The processor platform 800 of the illustrated example also includes oneor more mass storage devices 828 for storing software and/or data.Examples of such mass storage devices 828 include floppy disk drives,hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, RAIDsystems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.

The coded instructions 832 of FIGS. 6 and 7 may be stored in the massstorage device 828, in the volatile memory 814, in the non-volatilememory 816, and/or on a removable tangible computer readable storagemedium such as a CD or DVD.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the above disclosedmethods, apparatus and articles of manufacture credit applications byport clustering. The disclosed examples provide the ability to remotelymonitor a device in a monitoring panel. By instituting the monitoringremotely, precious system memory, processing power, battery power, andnetwork bandwidth are released to the device no longer acting as aplatform for on-device monitoring. The extra system memory andprocessing power greatly improve the functioning of the now remotelymonitored devices. The extra resources further allow the mobile deviceto perform tasks faster and in some instances, more efficiently, than inother examples.

The disclosed examples also facilitate conservation of bandwidth in amonitored household. The disclosed examples may be used to consumebandwidth outside of the information flow of the household. In ahousehold with limited bandwidth, by remotely monitoring the executionof applications, an audience measurement entity would not consume excessbandwidth by persistent transmission of proxy log 122 s to the examplecreditor.

Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacturehave been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is notlimited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods,apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope ofthe claims of this patent.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a session identifier to:identify a first request having a first source port number, from adevice; determine whether a second request, having a second source portnumber, is within a threshold number of ports from the first source portnumber; and group the first and the second requests as a first sessionwhen the second source port number is within the threshold number ofports from the first source port number, wherein session windowsincluding the threshold number of ports move to the highest and lowestsource port numbers associated with a current session; and anapplication identifier to identify an application associated with thefirst session.
 2. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein thesession identifier is further to: determine whether a third request,having a third port number, is at least one of: (1) within a lowersession window from the lower of the first and the second source portnumber, (2) within an upper session window from the higher of the firstand the second source port number; and group the third request in thefirst session.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein requests aregathered on a proxy server.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein theproxy server is intermediate to the device associated with a panelistgenerating requests and media provider providing media to the device. 5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an identifier of the first session isassociated with the first and the second request.
 6. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the application identifier is to identify theapplication as a first application when a user agent of the firstrequest matches a first application pattern associated with the firstapplication.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein, when the user agentof the first request does not match an application pattern associatedwith any application and a uniform resource locator (URL) matches thefirst application pattern associated with the first application, theapplication identifier is to identify the application as the firstapplication.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a creditorto credit use of the application during the first session.
 9. Anapparatus comprising: means for identifying a first request having afirst source port number, from a device; means for determining whether asecond request, having a second source port number, is within athreshold number of ports from the first source port number; means forgrouping the first and the second requests as a first session when thesecond source port number is within the threshold number of ports fromthe first source port number, wherein session windows including thethreshold number of ports move to the highest and lowest source portnumbers associated with a current session; and means for identifying anapplication associated with the first session.
 10. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein the means for determining is further to: determinewhether a third request, having a third port number, is at least one of:(1) within a lower session window from the lower of the first and thesecond source port number, (2) within an upper session window from thehigher of the first and the second source port number; and group thethird request in the first session.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein requests are gathered on a proxy server.
 12. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the proxy server is intermediate to the deviceassociated with a panelist generating requests and media providerproviding media to the device.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein anidentifier of the first session is associated with the first and thesecond request.
 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the means foridentifying the application is to identify the application as a firstapplication when a user agent of the first request matches a firstapplication pattern associated with the first application.
 15. Theapparatus of claim 14, wherein, when the user agent of the first requestdoes not match an application pattern associated with any applicationand a uniform resource locator (URL) matches the first applicationpattern associated with the first application, the means for identifyingan application is to identify the application as the first application.16. The apparatus of claim 9, further including a means for creditinguse of the application during the first session.